Which of the following best describes matrix forces?

Matrix forces refer to the attraction of water to the surfaces of soil particles. This phenomenon is primarily due to capillarity and matric potential, which govern how water moves within the soil. When soil particles, such as sand, silt, and clay, are present, their surfaces create a force that attracts water molecules. This bonding occurs because of the cohesive and adhesive properties of water, allowing it to cling to the soil particles, which helps retain moisture in the soil and ensures it is available for plant uptake.

Understanding matrix forces is essential in greenhouse management, as it impacts soil moisture levels and, consequently, plant health and growth. Properly managing these forces can help in determining irrigation practices and improving water efficiency in cultivation.